Mouth cancer, categorized as a type of head and neck cancer, most frequently occurs in individuals over the age of 40 and is more common in men than in women. In India, it is a significant health concern, with 77,003 new cases and 52,067 deaths recorded this year.
A major challenge with oral cancer is that it is often not identified until it has advanced and spread to the lymph nodes in the neck. Early detection is critical, as it dramatically improves survival outcomes. This cancer can develop in various parts of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, inner cheeks, gums, and the floor of the mouth. Dental professionals recommend a thorough oral examination at least twice a year, especially if any symptoms appear.
**Symptoms**
In its initial stages, mouth cancer may present with subtle or no clear symptoms, making it easy to overlook. Individuals who use tobacco or consume alcohol regularly should be particularly vigilant about routine screenings.
Common warning signs include:
* A sore on the lip or in the mouth that does not heal
* Unexplained swelling or thickening in the mouth
* Bleeding, loose teeth, or difficulty swallowing
* Persistent mouth pain or a persistent sore throat
* A lump in the neck or an earache
* Unexplained weight loss
* Numbness in the lips, face, neck, or chin
* Red or white patches on the lips or in the mouth
* Jaw stiffness or pain
While these symptoms can be caused by other conditions, they should not be ignored—especially if they are persistent or occur in combination. Seeking prompt medical consultation is essential for an early diagnosis.
**Causes and Stages**
The primary causes of mouth cancer are tobacco use (in any form, including smoking and chewing) and heavy alcohol consumption. The progression of the disease is classified into stages:
* **Stage 1:** The tumor is smaller than 1 inch and has not spread to lymph nodes.
* **Stage 2:** The tumor is between 1 and 2 inches and has not reached lymph nodes.
* **Stage 3:** The tumor is larger than 2 inches or has spread to a single nearby lymph node.
* **Stage 4:** The cancer has spread extensively to surrounding tissues, multiple lymph nodes, or distant organs.
**Treatment**
The stage of the cancer determines the treatment plan and prognosis. Treatment options include:
* **Surgery:** To remove the tumor and reconstruct the affected area.
* **Radiation Therapy:** Using technology like External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) to target and destroy cancer cells.
* **Chemotherapy:** Using anti-cancer drugs, often in combination with radiation.
* **Targeted Drug Therapy:** Using medications that specifically target cancer cells to block their growth.
**Key Facts and Prevention**
* Approximately 80% of mouth cancer cases are linked to tobacco use.
* The average age at diagnosis is 50.
* The five-year survival rate is about 82% with early detection but drops to 27% if diagnosed at a late stage.
In conclusion, any potential signs of mouth cancer should be addressed immediately. Neglecting oral health can lead to severe, preventable outcomes. Maintaining regular dental check-ups and practicing good oral hygiene are fundamental for prevention and early detection.
